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We have taken every care to ensure that drug dosages and related medical advice in this book are accurate. However, drug and disinfectant dosages can change and are updated often, so always double-check dosages and procedures against a reliable, up-to-date formulary and the given drug’s documentation before administering it.

Childhood HIV: What health professionals need to know

First published in 2008 by Bettercare. Updated August 2011 (layout), January 2013, January 2015 (layout), May 2017 (significant changes), May 2020 (significant changes). This version produced on 26 February 2025.

Text © Prof David Woods and Prof Brian Eley 2008
Cover photograph by Anna Nersesyan at Life Studios, Cape Town

ISBN (paperback): 978-1-920218-21-8
ISBN (international paperback edition): 978-1-717897-87-9 ISBN (reflowable edition): 978-1-920218-97-3

Excluding content explicitly credited to others, this book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License. For details, see creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

This licence means you may share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format under the following terms:

  • Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
  • Non-Commercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
  • No Derivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.

For any other uses, please contact Bettercare.

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      1. Home
      1. How to use our books
      2. Buy printed books
      3. About Bettercare
      4. FAQs
      5. Contact us
      1. Acknowledgements
      2. Introduction
        1. About Bettercare
        2. Why decentralised learning?
        3. Free Bettercare Online Learning Platform
        4. Learning programmes
        5. Format of the courses
        6. Contributors
        7. Updating the course material
        8. Contact information
        9. Registration
      3. 1 Introduction to childhood HIV infection
        1. Objectives
        2. Introduction to HIV
        3. The spread of HIV
        4. HIV in society
        5. HIV transmission from mother to child
        6. Feeding options
        7. Post-exposure prophylaxis
        8. Case studies
      4. 2 Clinical and immunological diagnosis of HIV infection
        1. Objectives
        2. Acute seroconversion illness
        3. Clinical staging of HIV infection
        4. Confirmation of HIV infection
        5. Immunological staging of HIV infection
        6. Consent for HIV testing
        7. Case studies
      5. 3 Management of children with HIV infection
        1. Objectives
        2. Family-centred care
        3. Routine clinical care
        4. Immunisations
        5. Primary prophylaxis
        6. Nutrition and growth
        7. Monitoring neurodevelopment
        8. Screening for HIV-associated infections
        9. Care of adolescents with HIV infection
        10. Disclosure
        11. Case studies
      6. 4 Antiretroviral drugs
        1. Objectives
        2. Introduction to antiretroviral treatment
        3. Classes of antiretroviral drugs
        4. Standardised treatment regimens
        5. Antiretroviral medication
        6. Side effects of antiretroviral drugs
        7. Case studies
      7. 5 Management of children with antiretroviral treatment
        1. Objectives
        2. Criteria for antiretroviral treatment
        3. Patient readiness
        4. Preparation for antiretroviral treatment
        5. Managing antiretroviral treatment
        6. Problems with antiretroviral treatment
        7. Adherence
        8. Inadequate dosage
        9. Drug resistance
        10. Unsuppressed viral load and treatment failure
        11. Drug interactions
        12. Drug interruptions
        13. Side effects of antiretroviral agents
        14. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)
        15. Case studies
      8. 6 HIV-associated infections and end-of-life care
        1. Objectives
        2. HIV-associated infections
        3. Common infections
        4. Tuberculosis
        5. Treating tuberculosis co-infection
        6. End-of-life care
        7. Case studies
      1. How to use our books
      2. Buy printed books
      3. About Bettercare
      4. FAQs
      5. Contact us

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