Quiz 1: Introduction to childhood HIV infection

Please choose the one, most correct answer to each question or statement.

1. HIV is a:
   • Fungus
   • Spirochaete
   • Bacterium
   • Virus
2. HIV infection in children usually presents with:
   • Other bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic infections
   • Cancer
   • Convulsions
   • Blood in the stool
3. How does HIV cause disease?
   • It destroys red cells.
   • It damages the immune system.
   • It damages the liver.
   • It lowers the level of antibodies.
4. How is HIV usually transmitted between adults in southern Africa?
   • By sexual intercourse
   • By droplet spread (coughing or sneezing)
   • By insect bites
   • By sharing needles when abusing drugs
5. Older children can be infected with HIV after:
   • Sharing cups and plates
   • Sitting on contaminated toilet seats
   • Social kissing
   • Sexual abuse
6. When do most children with HIV infection become ill?
   • They are already ill at birth.
   • Most become ill by one month.
   • Most become ill by one year.
   • Most remain well until they are five years old.
7. How common is HIV infection in pregnant women in South Africa?
   • Rare (about 5%)
   • Uncommon (about 15%)
   • Common (about 30%)
   • Very common (about 60%)
8. How many children have HIV infection in South Africa?
   • About 5 000
   • About 50 000
   • About 150 000
   • About 260 000
9. When is HIV most commonly spread from mother to child?
   • During pregnancy
   • During labour and vaginal delivery
   • During exclusive breastfeeding
   • While holding, kissing and cuddling the infant
10. What form of feeding carries the greatest risk of HIV infection for an infant?
    • Exclusive breastfeeding
    • Mixed breastfeeding (breast plus formula milk)
    • Formula feeding alone
    • Feeding choice does not affect the risk of HIV transmission.
11. Without antiretroviral prophylaxis, what is the overall risk of HIV infection to an infant born vaginally to an HIV-positive woman who decides not to breastfeed her child?
    • 5%
    • 15%
    • 20%
    • 35%
12. How can the risk of HIV transmission to the infant be reduced?
    • Rupture the membranes early to speed up labour.
    • Suction the infant’s mouth well after delivery.
    • Avoid episiotomies unless obstetrically indicated.
    • Avoid elective Caesarean sections.
13. Prophylactic antiretroviral drugs given to the mother are most effective if:
    • They are used during pregnancy only.
    • They are used during labour only.
    • They are used during pregnancy and labour.
    • They are used after delivery only.
14. For infants who are exclusively breast-fed, prophylactic antiretroviral drugs can reduce the risk of perinatal HIV transmission to as low as:
    • 2%
    • 10%
    • 15%
    • 20%
15. Which regimen of antiretroviral treatment given to the mother is most effective in reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV?
    • NVP and DTG
    • TDF, 3TC plus EFV
    • 3TC alone
    • Lopinavir/ritonavir alone
16. What factors may increase the risk of HIV transmission in breast milk?
    • Frequent feeding
    • Engorgement
    • Mastitis
    • Feeding expressed breast milk
17. After counselling, who should choose what feeding method is best for a mother?
    • The doctor
    • The nurse
    • The counsellor
    • The mother
18. How can healthcare workers reduce their own risk of being infected with HIV?
    • Do not kiss children.
    • Wear gloves when feeding children.
    • Adopt universal precautions.
    • Always resheath needles after use.
19. What is the correct procedure after a needle-stick injury?
    • Start antiretroviral prophylaxis as soon as possible.
    • Wait for the HIV screening result on the patient before starting antiretroviral prophylaxis.
    • Wait for your own HIV screening result before starting antiretroviral prophylaxis.
    • Antiretroviral prophylaxis is only needed if the needle-stick injury is deep.
20. Antiretroviral prophylaxis after a needle-stick injury or sexual abuse should be given for:
    • 48 hours
    • 7 days
    • 10 days
    • 28 days