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We have taken every care to ensure that drug dosages and related medical advice in this book are accurate. However, drug and disinfectant dosages can change and are updated often, so always double-check dosages and procedures against a reliable, up-to-date formulary and the given drug’s documentation before administering it.

Childhood TB: Care and treatment in the clinic

First published in 2010 by Bettercare. Updated: May 2011, February 2015 (layout), May 2017 (significant changes), February 2021. This version produced on 26 February 2025.

Text © David Woods and Robert Gie 2010

ISBN (print edition): 978-1-920218-46-1
ISBN (international paperback edition): 978-1-717897-92-3
ISBN (reflowable edition): 978-1-928313-02-1

Excluding content explicitly credited to others, this book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License. For details, see creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

This licence means you may share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format under the following terms:

  • Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
  • Non-Commercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
  • No Derivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.

For any other uses, please contact Bettercare.

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      1. Home
      1. How to use our books
      2. Buy printed books
      3. About Bettercare
      4. FAQs
      5. Contact us
      1. Acknowledgements
      2. Introduction
        1. About Bettercare
        2. Why decentralised learning?
        3. Free Bettercare Online Learning Platform
        4. Learning programmes
        5. Format of the courses
        6. Contributors
        7. Updating the course material
        8. Contact information
        9. Registration
      3. 1 Introduction to childhood tuberculosis
        1. Objectives
        2. Tuberculous infection
        3. Pulmonary tuberculosis
        4. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
        5. Case studies
      4. 2 Clinical presentation of childhood tuberculosis
        1. Objectives
        2. Early presentation of tuberculosis
        3. Pulmonary tuberculosis
        4. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
        5. Enlarged tuberculous lymph nodes
        6. Tuberculous meningitis
        7. Abdominal tuberculosis
        8. Tuberculosis of bone and joints
        9. Disseminated tuberculosis
        10. Scoring systems to identify tuberculosis
        11. Case studies
      5. 3 Diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis
        1. Objectives
        2. Confirming the clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis
        3. Tuberculin skin tests
        4. Identifying TB DNA and bacilli in sputum
        5. Evaluation of samples by Xpert MTB/RIF ultra
        6. Sputum smear examination
        7. Culture for TB bacilli and drug susceptibility testing
        8. Chest X-ray
        9. Fine needle aspiration of a lymph node
        10. Lumbar puncture
        11. Additional investigations
        12. Screening for HIV
        13. Case studies
      6. 4 Management of childhood tuberculosis
        1. Objectives
        2. Planning the management of a child with tuberculosis
        3. Treating drug susceptible tuberculosis
        4. Good adherence
        5. Monitoring treatment
        6. Drug-resistant tuberculosis
        7. Treatment with steroids
        8. Good nutrition
        9. Treating tuberculosis and HIV co-infection
        10. Case studies
      7. 5 Preventing childhood tuberculosis
        1. Objectives
        2. Principles of prevention
        3. BCG immunisation
        4. Avoiding exposure to TB bacilli
        5. TB prophylaxis (TB preventive therapy) in children
        6. National tuberculosis programme
        7. Community involvement
        8. Controlling the spread of HIV infection
        9. Case studies
      8. Pictures
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      3. About Bettercare
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