Quiz 3: Analysing the causes of health problems and socially determined health

Please choose the one, most correct answer to each question or statement.

1. What is health?
   • The absence of disease
   • Feeling physically well
   • Passing a routine medical examination
   • Physical, mental and social well-being
2. What is disease?
   • Not feeling well
   • A condition which is only diagnosed if there are abnormal clinical signs
   • A disorder of structure or function with recognisable symptoms and signs
   • A clinical condition with an unknown cause
3. What do we mean by determinants of health?
   • A determinant is a cause of good or bad health
   • A determinant is a health worker who is passionate about her work
   • A determinant is a treatment for chronic constipation
   • A determinant is a court order preventing a father from abusing his children
4. What is epidemiology?
   • A study of the relationship between risk factors and disease
   • A study of common skin diseases
   • A way of comparing infectious and non-infectious diseases
   • The study of epidemics
5. How do public health practitioners think differently about health when compared to clinical practitioners?
   • Clinical practitioners are not interested in the cause of disease
   • They have the same ideas and approach to the health of communities and individuals
   • They cannot be compared as one looks after communities while the other looks after individuals
   • Public health practitioners are more interested in removing the cause of the problem
6. An epidemiological triangle is useful for:
   • Examining a patient’s skin
   • Understanding the cause and prevention of infectious diseases
   • Understanding the link between lifestyle factors and chronic non-infectious diseases
   • Separating epidemic and endemic diseases
7. What is a causal pie?
   • A common cause of food poisoning
   • A method of calculating the risk of an epidemic occurring
   • A way of showing a number of factors needed to cause a disease
   • A new approach to treating gastroenteritis
8. What is the best way of understanding the causes of chronic non-infectious diseases?
   • A causal pie
   • An epidemiological triangle
   • A review of multiple interacting factors
   • Screening the patient’s history for a single cause of disease
9. Why do socially disadvantaged people have poor health
   • Because they are exposed to more risk factors
   • Because they cannot afford a private doctor
   • Because they are cared for by nurses rather than doctors
   • Because they are too lazy to go to the local clinic
10. How does the stress response lead to disease?
    • It is a common cause of cancer
    • It increases the pulse rate which can lead to heart disease
    • It increases the risk of bleeding by lowering the platelet count
    • It can lower the immune response to infection
11. What is the present bias effect that is often found in poor communities?
    • People choose unhealthy foods when shopping
    • People choose present enjoyment rather than future benefits
    • People tend to get fat because they do not work
    • People who are hungry cannot make decisions so they do nothing
12. What is the link between work and good health?
    • People who work have more infections because they meet more people
    • Chronic back ache is commoner in people who work
    • People who work have less time to watch TV and learn about healthy lifestyles
    • Work provides a positive sense of identity and a feeling of wellbeing
13. What is stigma?
    • An eye infection common in poor communities
    • Disapproval of a person who is different to you
    • A vitamin deficiency often seen in alcoholics
    • A secondary infection often seen in people with AIDS
14. What is an example of internal migration?
    • Moving from an African country to Germany
    • Moving from a rural to urban area in the same country
    • Moving from one country to another in Africa
    • Moving from one clinic to another to get better care
15. Which of the following is a “pull factor” for urban migration?
    • Stigma
    • Violence and xenophobia
    • Better school education
    • Less crowded living
16. Which of the following is a “push factor” for urban migration?
    • Job opportunities
    • Better healthcare
    • Desire to be “part of the action”
    • Loss of rural livelihoods
17. Which of the following is a typical characteristic of an urban slum?
    • Overcrowding
    • Good social support leading to less violence
    • Safe water and sanitation
    • Good access to healthcare
18. How big is a megacity?
    • At least 1 million people
    • At least 5 million people
    • At least 10 million people
    • 15 million people or more
19. Is urbanisation a good thing?
    • No as it results in bigger families
    • No as it leads to poor school education due to social unrest
    • Yes as it results in smaller families
    • Yes as people can learn to speak each other’s language
20. What is a benefit of globalisation?
    • Easy access to highly processed foods
    • Increased communication with better health information
    • Less competition for labour so higher wages
    • Decreased migration of skilled people from poor countries (“brain drain”).