Quiz 9: Access to healthcare

Please choose the one, most correct answer to each question or statement.

1. What does “access to healthcare” mean?
   • The roads leading to a clinic or facility are in a good state
   • People stick to their recommended treatments
   • People attend for preventative healthcare
   • People have the opportunity to use healthcare
2. What does “universal health coverage” mean?
   • Good quality healthcare is free to poor people
   • People have the right to use health services in other countries
   • Good quality, affordable healthcare is available to all households
   • Government and private healthcare providers work in the same system
3. Universal health coverage:
   • Is available in all high income countries
   • In most countries is seen as something to work towards rather than something that can be achieved in the short term
   • The United States is a good example of a country that has achieved universal health coverage
   • No low or middle income countries are close to universal health coverage
4. What does the “right to health” mean?
   • Everybody has the right to achieve the highest possible standard of health
   • Everybody has the right to be healthy and happy
   • Healthcare should be free for everyone
   • Healthcare that is accessible, affordable and acceptable only to those that can pay for it
5. What does “progressive realisation” of a right mean?
   • It is a right that should be realised in progressive countries
   • It has only slowly been realised that something should be a right
   • It may not be possible to provide something immediately to everybody, but a government has a duty to work towards providing it to as many people as possible in a fair way.
   • Something will become a right, slowly with time even if people do not demand it
6. What does primary healthcare mean?
   • The first point of contact between patients and health services
   • Preventative care only
   • Health promotion only
   • Provision of health services, including prevention and health promotion, to a particular community in order to have better health for all
7. Health promotion:
   • Is the same as health education
   • Includes helping people improve their health
   • Includes preparing hospitals and clinics for the increasing burden of chronic diseases
   • Includes preparing hospitals and clinics for climate change
8. Which is an example of a healthy public policy?
   • Removing VAT from fresh food items
   • Building new roads
   • Removing tariffs on imported goods
   • Increasing the use of elevators in shopping malls
9. Which statement about countries with good primary healthcare is true?
   • They tend to be richer countries
   • They tend to be poorer countries
   • Citizens tend to have good health with lower total healthcare spending
   • Citizens tend to have good health but total healthcare spending is high
10. The following is an example of poor equity in health:
    • Women in Zimbabwe are more likely to die in childbirth than women in South Africa
    • Diabetics are more likely to be obese
    • Older people are more likely to have heart disease
    • People from West Africa are more likely to have sickle cell disease
11. Which statement about South Africa’s district health system is true:
    • It includes all district and regional hospitals falling within the health district
    • The district head office is usually within 25km of facilities
    • It includes responsibility for preventative and community based care, as well as district hospitals
    • It is responsible for the reduced severity of chronic disease in South Africa
12. How is the District Health System managed in the eight large urban areas in South Africa?
    • Directly by the province
    • By 44 health districts that correspond to the municipalities
    • By metropolitan sub-district offices
    • By metropolitan municipalities called “metros”
13. Outside metros, clinics are run:
    • Directly by the province
    • By the district office with the sub-district office being responsible for planning and coordination
    • By the sub-district office with the district office being responsible for planning and coordination
    • By the nearest metro
14. How successful has the district health system been in allowing management decisions to be taken more locally?
    • Very successful as provincial managers actively encourage district managers to adapt their policies
    • Partially successful as district managers are often uncertain how much authority they have to adapt national and provincial policies
    • Partially successful as district health councils usually function well but district managers often don’t listen to them
    • Not at all successful as district managers often lose their jobs for adapting policies
15. Community clinic committees:
    • Have been very successful in communicating health needs to local managers
    • Are well attended because members are paid travel expenses and a stipend
    • Have been successful because local councillors usually attend regularly
    • Have had limited success only as meetings are often irregular and get bogged down with individual complaints
16. What is a ward based outreach team?
    • A team consisting of community health workers and a primary care nurse that is responsible for primary healthcare of all individuals in an electoral ward
    • A team consisting of a family physician and primary healthcare nurses responsible for primary healthcare of all individuals in an electoral ward
    • A team of clinical nurse practitioners that provides outreach and support to problem clinics
    • A specialised nursing team that provides home based care within the community
17. How may a District Clinical Specialist Team provide clinical governance to a health district?
    • A monthly visit to each clinic
    • Ensuring salaries are paid on time
    • Ensuring that staff correctly diagnose and manage high blood pressure in pregnancy
    • Regular planning meetings with provincial managers
18. Which of the following healthcare practitioners are members of the District Clinical Specialist Team
    • An orthopaedic surgeon
    • A primary healthcare nurse
    • A hospital manager
    • A dermatologist
19. The District Clinical Specialist Teams are expected to focus particularly on which clinical area?
    • Mother and child health
    • TB and other communicable diseases
    • Safe anaesthesia
    • Chronic diseases of lifestyle
20. Which statement about primary healthcare is true?
    • It is mostly about health education and prevention and does not involve looking after sick people
    • Primary healthcare involves screening patients so that difficult cases can be managed elsewhere
    • Increasingly, complex patients with many medical and social problems are managed in primary care
    • Primary care nurses are usually well supported by local specialists and family physicians