Quiz 3: Management of children with HIV infection

Please choose the one, most correct answer to each question or statement.

1. Where should most children with HIV infection be managed?
   • In a community-based primary care clinic
   • In a large regional hospital
   • In a teaching hospital
   • In a specialised paediatric HIV clinic
2. What is family centred care?
   • The ill child should be visited at home by a nurse rather than taking the child to a clinic.
   • The parents, rather than healthcare workers, should provide medical care.
   • The care of the family is more important than the care of the child.
   • Children should be seen as a member of the family and not simply as an individual.
3. All HIV-exposed infants:
   • Do not need special care and follow up.
   • Only need to be seen at six months to assess their HIV status.
   • Should be retested at 10 weeks if the birth PCR was negative.
   • Should be started on antiretroviral treatment.
4. What immunisations should not be given to a child with symptomatic HIV infection?
   • BCG
   • Influenza vaccine
   • Tetanus vaccine
   • Haemophilus influenza vaccine
5. Primary prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole reduces the risk of which infection?
   • Tuberculosis
   • HIV
   • Pneumocystis jiroveci
   • Rota virus
6. When should cotrimoxazole prophylaxis be started in an HIV-exposed infant?
   • At birth
   • At six weeks
   • At nine months
   • At one year
7. What important side effect may occur when children are given cotrimoxazole prophylaxis?
   • Shortness of breath
   • Jaundice
   • Severe diarrhoea
   • Severe skin rash
8. Why is good nutrition important in HIV-exposed infants?
   • It prevents them becoming HIV infected.
   • With good nutrition cotrimoxazole prophylaxis is not necessary.
   • It helps to maintain the normal functioning of the immune system.
   • It prevents side effects of antiretroviral drugs.
9. The nutritional state should be routinely monitored by:
   • Measuring the vitamin A blood concentration every three months.
   • Screening the urine for proteinuria every month.
   • Taking a dietary history at every clinic visit.
   • Measuring and plotting weight on the Road-to-Health card.
10. Nutrition can be improved by giving the child:
    • Potato chips every day to increase the energy input.
    • Cool drinks as they are rich in vitamin C.
    • Beans, lentils or milk which are high in protein.
    • Chocolate as it is high in fat.
11. Which vitamin supplement is particularly important for children with HIV infection?
    • Vitamin A
    • Vitamin D
    • Vitamin E
    • Vitamin K
12. Which mineral supplement reduces the severity of diarrhoea?
    • Iron
    • Copper
    • Zinc
    • Lead
13. Which drug can be used for regular deworming?
    • Cotrimoxazole
    • Mebendazole
    • Fluconazole
    • Metronidazole
14. Neurodevelopment should be monitored by:
    • Weighing the child regularly
    • Measuring head circumference regularly
    • Assessing developmental milestones regularly
    • Testing hearing regularly
15. When should the first neurological screening be done on HIV exposed infants?
    • A week after birth
    • A 6 weeks after birth
    • At 14 weeks after birth
    • At 6 months
16. Which sign would suggest an HIV-associated infection?
    • A nappy rash
    • Conjunctivitis
    • An upper respiratory tract infection
    • A sore mouth and difficulty swallowing
17. Which children are adolescents?
    • All teenagers
    • All children between puberty and 20 years
    • Children between 14 and 19 years.
    • Children between 10 and 19 years.
18. What is the prevalence of HIV infection in adolescents?
    • It is the same in boys and girls.
    • It is higher in boys.
    • It is higher in girls.
    • It is not known whether it is higher in boys or girls are too young for treatment.
19. In South Africa many adolescents have become infected with HIV:
    • At birth
    • Due to HIV-contaminated needles in hospital
    • During immunisation
    • When donating blood
20. How can adolescents best protect themselves from becoming infected with HIV?
    • Avoid homosexual contact
    • Delay sexual debut (first intercourse)
    • Use oral contraception
    • Use cotrimoxazole prophylaxis