Data as content
Once you start using web technologies to make content, you can also start managing some of that content less like a manuscript and more like a database. Good examples are glossaries, bibliographies, directories, and dictionaries.
For some books, you may also be managing search indexes.
Glossaries and bibliographies
In traditional, print-centric workflows, editors and proofreaders spend a lot of their time trying to make glossaries and bibliographies consistent across books.
Glossaries and bibliographies are small databases: regular, repeatable elements of information that must be presented consistently, and often repeated in various places in a book.
When we treat these lists like running text in manuscripts, we’re relying on editors and proofreaders to do menial, painstaking work better suited to computers. That work can be made far easier by working with lists as data.
Depending on your production software, you may be able to store glossaries and bibliographies in a spreadsheet or CSV file, or in a list-like format like YAML. For example, this is a snippet of a glossary stored as a YAML list from a textbook:
- term: "abatement"
definition: "Practices to limit or reverse environmental damages."
cross-reference: "See also: abatement policy."
- term: "abatement policy"
definition: "A policy designed to reduce environmental damages."
cross-reference: "See also: abatement."
Spreadsheets are also great for managing data. You can manage data in a Google Sheet, for instance, and then download it in CSV format for your production software to process. CSV stands for ‘comma-separated values’. A CSV file is a plain-text version of a spreadsheet, where each spreadsheet row is on a new line. Each cell on a line is separated by a comma. If a cell contains a comma, its contents are wrapped in quotation marks. For example:
Name,Age,Place of birth
Arthur,43,"Durban, South Africa"
Aidan,6,"Cape Town, South Africa"
If you store content in a Google Sheet, it’s also possible to fetch data from it automatically over the Internet using the Google Sheets API. This makes it possible to populate web and ebook pages in real time with up-to-the-minute data. Creating a script that fetches data automatically is a fairly simple job for a developer.
Directories and dictionaries
Sometimes, entire publications are databases. Directories and dictionaries are good examples. Established dictionary publishers already use databases to manage their content.
By storing entire books as databases, it becomes possible to create variations of the data that can become entirely new books. For instance, the same database that powers a school dictionary might be used to create a small book of science concepts for children.
And digital versions of the book can become more interactive. For example, a dictionary of baby names could easily become a baby-names app; or extended into an app that tells you the meanings of your phone contacts’ names.
Most good book-production software provides ways to import data and lay it out automatically in pages. Adobe InDesign can import XML and lay it out according to predefined style sheets. And our Electric Book template can import CSV or YAML data and lay it out on book pages and web pages automatically.
To make this possible, look for opportunities to store book content in spreadsheets rather than text documents.
When you do this, you’re also forced (in a good way) to think carefully about the structure and consistency of your content.
Search indexes
If you’re creating website versions of your books, those websites might include a search function. Search can be very useful to readers, especially because digital formats of books rarely include indexes.
When you do, you may be involved in ensuring that its search index is up to date. Search indexes are built in different ways, but they usually comprise a database of:
- all the words, phrases, or parts of words and phrases, in a book, and
- a list of where those words or phrases appear.
They are usually generated automatically by software, which runs through the whole book and assembles the search index. An editor or web developer can usually adjust settings for that software, for instance giving extra importance to words in headings, or excluding certain common words (like ‘and’) from the search index.
In ebooks, a search function is usually built into the ereader software.